| 单词 | principle |
| 释义 | principle['prinsipl]n. 原则, 原理, 主义【化】 原理【医】 原则, 原理, 成分, 要素, 物质【经】 原理, 原则相关词组:in principleon principleon the principle of principle prin.ci.ple AHD: [pr¹n“s…-p…l] D.J. [6pr!ns*p*l]K.K. [6pr!ns*p*l]n.Abbr. prin.（名词）缩写 prin.1. A basic truth, law, or assumption:原则，原理：基本的真理、法则或论断：the principles of democracy.民主政治的原则2. A rule or standard, especially of good behavior:准则，道义：规则或标准，尤指正确行为的标准：a man of principle.有节操的人3. The collectivity of moral or ethical standards or judgments:道德标准：道德或伦理标准或准则的集合体：a decision based on principle rather than expediency.基于准则而非权宜的决定4. A fixed or predetermined policy or mode of action.行为模式：固定的或约定的政策或行为方式5. A basic or essential quality or element determining intrinsic nature or characteristic behavior:本能，天性：决定内在的本质或典型行为的基本或主要性质或因素：the principle of self-preservation.自我保护的天性6. A rule or law concerning the functioning of natural phenomena or mechanical processes:原理：关于自然现象或机械过程运行的规则或法则：the principle of jet propulsion.喷气推进的原理7. Chemistry One of the elements that compose a substance, especially one that gives some special quality or effect.【化学】 素，成分：组成某一物质的成分中的一种，尤指具有特殊性质或效力的成分8. A basic source.See Usage Note at principal 起源，本原参见 principal9. Principle Christian Science God.Principle 【基督教科学派】 上帝习惯用语:in principle With regard to the basics:基本上：与基本原则有关地：an idea that is acceptable in principle.大体可以接受的想法on principle According to or because of principle.按原则地：根据或因为行为准则语源:1. Middle English 中古英语 2. alteration of Old French principe 古法语 principe的变化 3. from Latin pr&9{ºncipium} 源自 拉丁语 pr&9{ºncipium} 4. from pr&9{ºnceps} pr&9{º}ncip- [leader, emperor] * see per 1源自 pr&9{ºnceps} pr&9{º}ncip- [领导，国王] *参见 per 1注释:Despite generations of spelling lessons,the wordsprinciple and principal are still commonly confused. Perhaps an understanding of their history will help in keeping them straight.Both words go back to the same Latin word,pr&9{ºnceps,} meaning “first, as in time, position, or authority.”The split that has caused all the trouble occurred in the next stage of development.Frompr&9{ºnceps} were derived the noun pr&9{ºncipium,} “start, origin, guiding principle,” the adjectivepr&9{ºncip³lis,} “first in importance or esteem,” and the noun pr&9{ºncip³lis,} “a leading citizen.” Clearly the latter two words with the³ between the p and the l have given us the adjectiveprincipal (first recorded around 1300) and the noun principal (also first recorded in a work composed around 1300).Perhaps it should not be mentioned that one Middle English spelling for the noun wasprinciple. On the other hand,the Latin wordpr&9{ºncipium} and its Old French descendant principe were involved in the creation of the word principle in Middle English, first recorded in a work written around 1380.Words likemanciple and participle influenced the spelling of this new word, but again perhaps we should keep silent about the fact that we also find the word spelledprincipal and prinsipal in Middle English. A key point to remember about these seemingly aberrant Middle English spellings isthat in Middle English spelling was not nearly as fixed as it usually is today,a development that was much furthered by the invention of printing.When we interchange spellings forprinciple and principal, we are doing something that would have been less of a fault in the days before the conformity imposed on us by this marvelous invention. 尽管在拼写课上反复强调，principle 和 principal 还是被人们搞混。 或许了解一下这两个词的历史有助于我们弄清楚它们的拼写。两个词都可追溯到同一个拉丁词princeps， 意为“在时间，地位或权威上第一的”。引起所有麻烦的分裂出现在发展过程的下一个阶段。从princeps 派生出了名词 principium， 意为“开端，根源，指导性原则，” 形容词principalis “最重要的或最受尊敬的”及名词 principalis 意为“处于领导地位的公民”。 显然，后两个词在p 和 l 之间带有 ³， 这就使我们有了形容词principal （最早记录于1300年左右）和名词 principal （最早记录也是在大约1300年左右创作的作品中）。或许我们不应提到这个名词在中古英语中的一种拼法是principle 。 另一方面，拉丁词principium 和其古法词的派生词 principe 共同作用创造了中古英语单词 principle， 最早记录于写于约1380年的一部作品。象manciple 和 participle 这样的单词都影响了这个新单词的拼写， 但是或许我们应该再一次对于这个单词也曾在中古英语中被拼写成principal 和 prinsipal 这一事实保持沉默。 记住这些在中古英语中貌似反常的拼写的关键在于，在中古英语中的拼写方式几乎不象今天这么固定，因为当时还没有发明印刷术。当这项神奇的发明把拼写一致的原则加到我们头上之前，我们把principle 和 principal 的拼写互相交换，也算不上什么大错 |
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