| 单词 | ax. |
| 释义 | ax.【医】 轴 ax. ax. abbr.（略语）1. Logic Mathematics Axiom. 【逻辑学】 【数学】 Axiom.2. Axis. Axis. ax 1 ax 或 axe AHD: [²ks] D.J. [#ks]K.K. [#ks]n.（名词） 【复数】 ax.es[²k“s¹z] 1. A tool with a bladed, usually heavy head mounted crosswise on a handle, used for felling trees or chopping wood.斧：一种带刀片的工具，一般重的一头十字交叉地安置在一个把手上，经常用来伐树或砍木头2. Any of various bladed, hand-held implements used as a cutting tool or weapon.砍伐工具：任何一种有刀口的，可以手握的器具，用于砍伐的工具或武器3. Informal A sudden termination of employment:【非正式用语】 解雇：职业的突然终止：My colleague got the ax yesterday.我的同事昨天被解雇了4. Slang A musical instrument, especially a guitar.【俚语】 吉他：乐器，特别指吉他v.tr.（及物动词） axed,ax.ing,ax.es 1. To use a heavy, bladed cutting implement in order to chop or fell (something).用斧砍：使用沉重的带刀口的砍伐器具砍或者砍倒（某物）2. Informal To remove ruthlessly or suddenly:【非正式用语】 削减，删减：无情地或突然地去除：a social program that was axed to effectuate budget cuts.为实现预算削减而被无情去除的社会项目习惯用语:ax to grind A selfish or subjective aim:自私企图，个人打算：自私或主观的目的：He claimed to be disinterested, but I knew he had an ax to grind.他宣称无私利，但我知道他另有企图语源:1. Middle English 中古英语 2. from Old English æx 源自 古英语 æx 注释:To understand the origin of the idiomax to grind, we need to know thatgrind means “to sharpen.” This phrase is said to have come from a story by the 19th-century journalist Charles Miner (alias Poor Robert) about a seemingly friendly manwho was able by flattery to persuade a young boy to turn a grindstone for him.The tale first appeared in the Luzerne, Pennsylvania,Federalist on September 7, 1810, under the title “Who'll Turn Grindstones?” and later in an 1815 book entitledEssays from the Desk of Poor Robert the Scribe. Because “Poor Robert” was confused with “Poor Richard,”the story has often been erroneously attributed to Benjamin Franklin.The idiom itself is an Americanism—a word or expression originating in the United States.It was at first restricted to political contexts,but quotations from James Joyce (“Skin-the-Goat . . . evidently with an axe to grind, was airing his grievances”)and George Bernard Shaw (“distinguished statesmen of different nations . . . each with a national axe to grind”) attest that the phrase has traveled abroad and,as we know only too well, is no longer found only in political contexts.为了理解成语ax to grind 的出处， 我们需要知道grind 意思是“磨尖”。 这个短语据说出自19世纪旅行家查尔斯·麦纳（别名穷罗伯特）所写的关于一个似乎很友善的人的故事，他能够奉承地劝说一名男孩为他翻过一块磨光石。这个传说第一次出现在1810年9月7日宾夕法尼亚州的卢泽恩，在1810年9月7日题为“谁将推翻磨石”的联邦制拥护者 中提到， 之后1815年又在名为作家穷·罗伯特文集 一书中提到。 因为“poor Robert和"poor Richard”易被弄混淆，这个故事经常被错误地认为是本杰明·弗兰克林创作的。这个成语本身是美国式的词或表达源于美国。一开始被限于在政治性言词的情况中使用，但是从以下的引文表明这个短语已广泛地传播，一个是引于詹姆斯·琼斯（“这个显然别有企图的披着人皮的狼，正在诉苦”），另一个引自乔治·萧伯纳（“辨认出不同国家的人…每个国家都有自己国家的打算”），正如我们所熟知的，它不会只在政治性言论的上下文间才可以找到的 ax 2 ax 2 AHD: [²ks] D.J. [#ks]K.K. [#ks]v.Nonstandard （动词）【非标准用语】 ax.ed,ax.ing,ax.es Variant of ask Variant of ask用法:Ax, a common nonstandard variant of ask, is often identified as an especially salient feature of African American Vernacular English. While it is true that the form is frequent in the speech of African Americans, it used to be common in the speech of white Americans as well, especially in New England. This should not be surprising since ax is a very old word in English, having been used in England for over 1,000 years. In Old English we find both ³scian and ³csian, and in Middle English both asken and axen. Moreover, the forms with cs or x had no stigma associated with them. Chaucer used asken and axen interchangeably, as in the lines “I wol aske, if it hir will be/To be my wyf” and “Men axed hym, what sholde bifalle,” both from The Canterbury Tales. The forms in x arose from the forms in sk by a linguistic process called metathesis, in which two sounds are reversed. The x thus represents (ks), the flipped version of (sk). Metathesis is a common linguistic process around the world and does not arise from a defect in speaking. Nevertheless, ax has become stigmatized as substandard—a fate that has befallen other words, like ain't, that were once perfectly acceptable in literate circles. ask 的一般非标准变体 ax 常被认为是美国黑人英语极为显著的特色。尽管美国黑人在交谈中的确使用ax这种形式，但美国白人也在口语中普遍使用它，尤其是新英格兰的白人。不必对此表示惊奇，因为 ax 是个很古老的英语词汇，在英语中至少使用了1000年以上。古英语中有 ³scian 和 ³csian, ，中古英语中有 asken 和 axen 。而且，带 cs 或 x 的形式同不好的含义无关。乔叟在下文中交替使用 asken 和 axen ：“I wol aske, if it hir will be/To be my wyf（我问道，这是真是幻/将成为我的妻子）”和“Men axed hym, what sholde bifalle（人们问他，会降临什么）”，这两句话都出自 《坎特伯利故事集》 。带 sk 的形式经由 换位 的语言过程产生带 x 的形式，换位就是将两个音位置颠倒。因此 x 表示(ks)的发音，即(sk)的翻转发音。换位是世界通用的语言过程并且不会造成交谈中的欠缺。但 ax 已被记作非标准用法──同样降临在曾一度被知识界完全接受的其它单词（如 ain't ）的命运 |
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